Identification of bottled zam zam water in Malaysian market using hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (2H and 18O)

  • Roslanzairi Mostapa
Keywords: Zam Zam water, hydrogen, oxygen, stable isotope ratios, distinguish, comparison

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The water drawn from the well of Zam Zam is believed by the adherents of Islam to be blessed and capable of treating a variety of ailments. The water originates from a well in an alluvium area, located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and has been in use since 4000 years ago. Due to the religious significance of the water drawn from this well, bottled versions are very popular among Malaysians. Unfortunately, this disproportionate popularity may entice some unscrupulous dealers to engage in fraudulent behavior, such as selling ordinary water purported to be Zam Zam water. This unethical practice might very well pose a physical and economical hazard to consumers. Therefore, for the purpose of this preliminary study, five samples of Zam Zam bottled water from different brands were purchased and analyzed using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS). For comparison purposes, four samples of Zam Zam water from Mecca, and two more types of water samples originating from Malaysia were also analyzed, namely, bottled drinking water and tap water. The sources of these water samples are from groundwater and surface water (river), respectively. Results of hydrogen (d2H) and oxygen (d18O) isotope ratios of Zam Zam water from Mecca are in the range of –13.62‰ to –10.60‰, and –2.17‰ to 0.06‰, respectively, while the hydrogen (d2H) and oxygen (d18O) isotope ratios of five samples from the bottled Zam Zam water are within the range of –12.05‰ to –8.00‰ and –1.60‰ to –0.17‰, respectively. As for the bottled drinking water and tap water, the hydrogen (d2H) and oxygen (d18O) isotope ratios were in the range of –50.74‰ to –40.66‰ and –7.95‰ to –5.39‰, respectively. The results from the measured values of all the water samples demonstrates the ability of the isotope ratios comparison technique in distinguishing different water samples, and might be immensely useful for the purpose of regulatory monitoring of bottled water products.

 

ABSTRAK

Air yang diambil dari Telaga Zam Zam dipercayai boleh mengubati berbagai penyakit oleh penganut agama Islam. Air tersebut berasal dari sebuah telaga di kawasan alluvium yang terletak di Mekah, Arab Saudi dan telah digunakan sejak 4000 tahun yang lalu. Disebabkan pengaruh penggunaannya yang signifikan dari segi agama, Air Zam Zam jenis berbotol adalah sangat terkenal di kalangan rakyat Malaysia. Malangnya, disebabkan penggunaannya yang popular telah menyebabkan boleh berlaku kemungkinan sesetengah penjual yang tidak bertanggungjawab untuk melakukan penipuan dengan menjual air biasa sebagai Air Zam Zam. Amalan yang tidak beretika ini berkemungkinan boleh memberi kesan fizikal dan ekonomi kepada pengguna. Sehubungan dengan itu, bagi tujuan kajian awal ini, lima sampel Air Zam Zam berbotol dari berbagai jenama telah dibeli dan dianalisa menggunakan Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS). Untuk tujuan perbandingan, empat sampel Air Zam Zam dari Mekah dan dua jenis sampel air yang berasal dari Malaysia juga dianalisa, iaitu air minuman berbotol dan air paip. Sumber-sumber sampel air ini adalah masing-masing dari air bawah tanah dan air permukaan (air sungai). Keputusan nisbah isotop stabil hidrogen (d2H) dan oksigen (d18O) untuk Air Zam Zam dari Mekah adalah masing-masing di dalam julat –13.62‰ hingga –10.60‰, dan –2.17‰ hingga 0.06‰, manakala nisbah isotop stabil hidrogen (d2H) dan oksigen (d18O) untuk lima sampel dari Air Zam Zam berbotol adalah masing-masing di dalam julat –12.05‰ hingga –8.00‰ dan –1.60‰ hingga –0.17‰. Untuk air minuman berbotol dan air paip, nisbah isotop stabil hidrogen (d2H) dan oksigen (d18O) adalah masing-masing di dalam julat –50.74‰ to –40.66‰ and –7.95‰ to –5.39‰. Keputusan daripada pengukuran sampel-sampel air tersebut menunjukkan keupayaan teknik perbandingan nisbah isotop di dalam membezakan sampel-sampel air yang berlainan dan mungkin sangat berguna di dalam pemantauan perundangan produk-produk air minuman berbotol.

Published
2014-06-30
How to Cite
Mostapa, R. (2014). Identification of bottled zam zam water in Malaysian market using hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (2H and 18O). JOURNAL of NUCLEAR and Related TECHNOLOGIES, 11(01), 46-51. Retrieved from https://www.jnrtmns.net/index.php/jnrt/article/view/71
Section
Articles